To make a temporary wall, you need a frame for each 4x8 sheet, or at least one running frame with vertical studs to secure the 4x8 insulation sheet to.
the problem I have with this, is that it is not really temporary the way I think of temporary, lot of construction to both put it up and take it down, and while have have a lot of space - that temporary wall has to be stored somewhere. The wall needs to be secured to the floor and the ceiling or rafters too.
We used to sell at a trade fair where the booth was inside old turkey barns, no heat no A/C, a tarp hanging (not even to the top of the rafters) held the heat in to our space just fine from a 5# propane heater bottle.
I would go with a tarp, what the hell if it does not work you have a tarp and you can always nail up some 2x4s